How Did The French Revolution Undermine Democracy

Qianying Sui Global 10D 1.23.16 PBA Essay: How did the French Revolution Undermine Democracy Since 1789, increasing discontent for food shortage and dire living conditions in France triggered massive protests against the Old Regime. By overthrowing Louis XVI and absolute monarchy, French citizens began to march toward democracy. However, the desire for participating in political decisions became so radical that fueled by internal and external conflicts, people shifted away from the principles they drew up. To restore stability and enforce laws, the government turned more centralized. Unlike what the revolution intended initially, its ending with Napoleon’s dictatorship totally resembled what it was like before. Such turmoil throughout the revolution merely undermined democracy despite its original aim to increase the public voice in politics. The establishment of the National Assembly that integrated different classes of people into one government signifies the growing public voice in political arena as citizens urged an end to hunger and unfair taxation system. Ever since King XVI summoned the Estates General to tackle the problems of food shortage and economic crisis, the Third Estate, who represented every French except the clergies and the nobles, has been constantly demanding for more voting rights to make people’s hardship known to the king and the other two estates. They thus assembled lists of grievances from citizens throughout France which called for a limit toShow MoreRelatedThe Declaration Of Rights Of Women And A Public Speech By Frederick Douglass933 Words   |  4 PagesThe French Revolution produced many changes both in France and in Europe as a whole. The most evident change brought by the French Revolution was the move from absolutism to republicanism that represents a shift towards democracy. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, which was announced in 1789, was arguably the foundations of the human rights and many constitutions in democratic countries like the Britain and America. The concept is based on the â€Å"natural rights† that were establishedRead MoreDemocracy in Egypt1073 Words   |  5 PagesEgypt, in terms of democracy, is limited. Superficially it contains all the basic requirements of a democracy: a parliament, a president and regular elections. However, elections do not a democracy make. In Egypts sordid past it has been occupied, reoccupied and moreover controlled by external forces unique in the Arab world. Strong nationalism has led Egypt through social experiments that failed. Imitation has brought about a parliamentary monarchy cut short by a coup. In the end, Rule fromRead MorePolitical Parties And The American Political System1657 Words   |  7 PagesThese parties’ dissenting ideas seem to create non-stop conflict as each party relentlessly competes for the support and votes of the American people. However, over two hundred years ago in the early days of our country’s government, political parties did not even exist. Early leaders, such as the revered George Washington, feared that political parties would split our country into warring factions that would not only subvert our delicate notion of patriotism, but also weaken public support for the newRead MoreRole of Political Clubs on Frnech Revolution1664 Words   |  7 Pagesthe course of the French Revolution The revolution begun in 1789 with the meeting of the states general. Soon later the Bastille was stormed (till this day French celebrate it as their national holiday), the king was executed and a new constitution was written up. By 1799, end of the revolution, a new time had come not just for the French government, but for all. The revolution was to have an astonishing impact on world affairs, and its effect can be directly seen today. What french political clubsRead MorePlatos Criticism of Democracy Essay897 Words   |  4 PagesPlatos Criticism of Democracy Plato, having defined his perfect society, now seeks to compare contemporary imperfect societies with his ideal standard. He initially criticises the imperfect society as a whole, before leading onto a criticism of any given individual within that society; the imperfect character. He has already dealt with the Oligarchic society and character and now moves onto Democracy and the democratic character. Plato states that the Oligarchy, where the ultimate desireRead MoreAPWH Ch1306 Words   |  7 Pageshistorical periodization. How do the author’s dates and titles compare to the College Board’s? What explains the similarities and the differences? Why do you suppose the periodization in world history can be so controversial? UNIT 1 CHAPTER 1: Historical Thinking Skill Exercise: Historical Argumentation: On pages 26-43 of this text, how does the author explain the emergence of agriculture? What inferences does he make? Big Picture Question (BPQ) #2: The Agricultural Revolution marked a decisive turningRead MoreMarxism Midterm Essay : State And Revolution2918 Words   |  12 PagesMarxism Midterm Essay: State and Revolution Sarah Elberling University of Denver State and Revolution The early 20th century socialist revolutionary theorists Vladimir Lenin, Rosa Luxembourg and Leon Trotsky believed that the withering away of the state and the removal of the capitalist mode of production was a necessary outcome if the individual was to ever realize their true nature as being free, equal and self-determining. This, however, could only be achieved throughRead MoreCivil Right Essay1598 Words   |  7 Pages1. Discuss when, why and how the Cold War began. Then cite at least one factor that perpetuated the Cold War in each decade from the 1950s-1980s and discuss how the item you selected affected America at home as well. Last, discuss when and why the Cold War ended. 2. Discuss the origins of the Vietnam War, the course of the war over thirty years in the 1940s, and wars impact on the United States, both at home and in terms of foreign policy. 3. Write an essay on the civil rights movement since 1953Read MoreA Questionnaire on the American Samoan Society960 Words   |  4 Pagesdeference to their elders and hereditary rulers, rather than the more modern (post-French Revolution) concept of equal citizenship for all. Chiefs controlled all exchanges and the distribution of wealth and land, which is also quite different from the capitalistic individualism that lies at the core of modern American culture, and naturally the U.S. colonizers attempted to undermine this traditional system. How did the traditional system of chiefly power reinforce the close knit social system ofRead MoreVarious Topics incomplete1893 Words   |  8 Pagesand traditional medieval views. How did standards for ascertaining the â€Å"truth† differ between these two perspectives? Medieval techniques for ascertaining truth differed greatly from scientific views, mostly in part to what was taught in the Middle Ages by the church. Medieval traditional views put more faith in made up truths to fit their own religious dogmas or referring to long trusted authorities. Widely held by the populace in medieval times their views did come from some scientific origin

The Gothic Elements in the Picture of Dorian Gray

Abstract In an attempt to find out the purposes of the gothic elements in The Picture of Dorian Gray, this essay takes a close look at the three most prevailing gothic elements in the novel: the portrait, decadence, and the gothic villain by first exploring their presence and development throughout, and then examining their contributions to the characters, the plot development and the themes. First of all, the unique properties and symbolic meanings of the portrait in this novel are discussed. The purpose of the portrait is then analyzed in terms of its effect on Dorian Gray. Then, the theme of decadence is identified in the personality of the protagonist. Its purpose is then investigated by comparing and analyzing the opinions of the†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , was clearly reflected in his portrait. Under Lord Henry’s influence, Dorian’s change in his mental state and moral values was dramatic. He learned to appreciate decadent art, to conform to the philoso phy of â€Å"to cure the soul by means of senses † by going to opium dens and eventually to completely submit to sin by murdering Basil Hallward. Although Dorian’s decay was hard to observe because his beauty remained intact and thus created an innocent image of him, the portrait recorded his inner change by altering his appearances, as we observe for the first time in the novel â€Å"the touch of cruelty round the warped lips † in the painting after the death of Sybil Vane. The painting provided Dorian a double life, as remarked in Into the Demon Universe: A Literary Exploration of Oscar Wilde: â€Å"The picture of his soul was locked safely away in a dark room while the innocent face he presented to respectable society was only a mask. † Indeed, the portrait became the spokesperson of Dorian’s true personality by altering his appearances according to his corruption of the mind. A more convincing evidence of the portrait being a reflection of Dorian’s moral decadence lies moments before the death of Dorian. At the night of his death, Dorian attempted to convince himself that he had indeed changed and had started committingShow MoreRelatedThe Picture Of Dorian Gray965 Words   |  4 Pages When looking at Frankenstein and The Picture of Dorian Gray, it is clear that Frankenstein is a novel that can be placed into both the gothic and horror genre, although it is a gothic novel secondary to it being a horror novel; The picture of Dorian Gray isn’t so clear in this regard. On a first reading, one may assume the story to be gothic literature and only gothic literature because of the sheer amount of gothic characteristics and elements that the text presents that include, but are not limitedRead MoreFrankenstein And The Picture Of Dorian Gray As British Gothic Literature1837 Words   |  8 PagesEnglish 4 AP 27 May 2015 Frankenstein and The Picture of Dorian Gray as British Gothic Literature â€Å"There is something at work in my soul, which I do not understand.† This quote from Mary Shelley s classic gothic novel Frankenstein is very representative of the functional importance of gothic literature to humanity. Gothic literature can be viewed as the dark side of the human soul, as good usually triumphs over evil in storytelling; gothic literature is the release of all the darkness ofRead MoreThe Picture of Dorian Gray and the Turn of the Screw in the Gothic Genre4189 Words   |  17 PagesOscar Wildes The Picture of Dorian Gray and Henry James The Turn Of the Screw are key examples of the way in which gothic texts use and adapt the conventions of the genre. These changes occur due to the authors own personal context and values. The inexorable link between text, context and values is expressed through the way in which both authors choose to manipulate, redefine and introduce new conventions to the gothic. Oscar Wildes first and only novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray, was writtenRead MoreArt And Art In Oscar Wildes The Picture Of Dorian Gray835 Words   |  4 Pageslike Plato, Aristotle, Matthew Arnold, to name a few, have made their significant contributions to the study. Challenging much of the set outlooks on art and artists are the views of Oscar Wilde. In the preface to his scandalous novel The Picture of Dorian Gray, Wilde professes his views on art and artist. The preface to the novel starts with the line, â€Å"the artist is the creator of beautiful things.† Oscar Wilde was deeply inspired by the movement of Aestheticism which went by the propagandaRead MoreGothic Literature and Romantic Literature2607 Words   |  11 Pagesfrom Gothic literature to express their thoughts. Although the novels are unique and valued for their distinctiveness, the borrowed traits remain a parallel between the two genres. Traits such as deterioration of characters, love combating sin, return to animalistic priorities, and alienation of human emotion are all depicted in characters in Romantic literature. These traits are the cornerstones of Gothic literature. Characters from the Romanticism era have been profoundly impacted by Gothic LiteratureRead MoreAn Analysis of Freuds Uncanny4369 Words   |  17 Pagesof repression and dark secrets was one of the most prominent ones. Linked with these ideas were various elements like coincidences, supernatural powers and spooky settings that set the stage for a mysterious tale. Many authors have made use of these elements of literature to make the readers stay on the edge of their seat. Two books that will be discussed in detail are The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde and The Signalman by Charles Dickens. Uncanny is a concept and theory which covers allRead MorePursuit of Individualism in The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde655 Words   |  3 Pages In chapter 20 of The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde, Dorian reflects on his past crimes and wonders whether he will ever change and retrieve his innocence again. Throughout the final chapter of the novel, the elements of Gothic novel that Wilde explores conveys the idea of the pursuit of individualism. Dorian’s wild, racing emotions clearly show how much he is driven by his readiness to fulfill his desires under any circumstance. Through this, the use of specific words and punctuation markingsRead Moreâ€Å"The picture of Dorian Gray† Oscar Wilde- Born on 16th of October in 1854, Oscar Wilde would700 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"The picture of Dorian Gray† Oscar Wilde- Born on 16th of October in 1854, Oscar Wilde would become one of Londons most famous playwrights of his time. Wilde is remembered by much of his work, including his epigrams, which were brief statements, and his most prominent novel The picture of Dorian Gray, and the conditions of his imprisonment. Wilde is known for being one of the best-personalities of his time because of his â€Å"glittering conversations†, flamboyant dresses, and his lip biting wit. WhileRead MoreThe Uncensored Picture Of Dorian Gray Analysis823 Words   |  4 PagesIn The Uncensored Picture of Dorian Gray, Oscar Wilde presents the theme of good versus evil side of human nature. The depths of what it means to be human is explored by Wilde with the three characters of Basil Hallward, Henry Wotton and Dorian Gary. Each character represents a different side of the conflict between morality and giving into temptation. The three characters equally represent the difference in the class structure of society. The character of Henry Wotton represents the wealthy, properRead MoreGap Between Literary Gothic and Pornography1719 Words   |  7 Pagesus to depictions of violence and sex, but has it also disabled us in being able to see the difference between what is carefully constructed satire and what is merely pornography? There is probably no text this discussion embraces more in modern gothic literature than that of Brett Easton Ellis’ American Psycho. The novel was surrounded with controversy, ecen before its publication in 1991. Originally, cited to be published by Simon Schuster, the company forfeited from the engagement, including

Teenage Depression Essay Sample free essay sample

Throughout America. the rate of teenage is increasing each twelvemonth. About 20 per centum of teens will see adolescent depression before they reach maturity. Adolescent depression can impact a adolescent regardless of gender. societal background. income degree. race. or school or other accomplishments. though adolescent misss study enduring from depression more frequently than adolescent male childs. Teenage depression is a serious subject and it is of import to understand what it is. the symptoms of teenage depression and how it can be solved. Teenage depression isn’t merely bad tempers and the occasional melancholy—it’s a serious job that impacts every facet of a teen’s life. Adolescent depression can take to drug and intoxicant maltreatment. self–loathing and self–mutilation. gestation. force. and even suicide. Depression is more than on occasion experiencing blue. sad. or down in the mopess. Depression is a strong temper affecting unhap piness. disheartenment. desperation. or hopelessness that lasts for hebdomads. We will write a custom essay sample on Teenage Depression Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page months. or even longer. Depression affects more than a person’s temper. It drains the energy. motive. and concentration a individual needs for normal activities. It interferes with the ability to notice or bask the good things in life. Of class. most teens feel unhappy at times and when you add endocrines and emphasis to the many other alterations go oning in a teen’s life. it’s easy to see why they have mood swings like loony. Often. teens with depression will hold a noticeable alteration in their thought and behaviour. They may hold no motive and even go withdrawn. shuting their sleeping room door after school and remaining in their room for hours. Teenss with depression may kip overly. hold a alteration in eating wonts. school problem and may even exhibit condemnable behaviours such as DUI or shrinkage. Those are merely a few illustrations of symptoms that may originate when looking for depression in adolescents. Even though depression affects 1000000s of adolescents. it is treatable. Though. there is no one-size-fits-all attack for adolescents who are depressed. I would state that bar is ever better than remedy. If we could forestall adolescent depression so there would be no demand to bring around a down adolescent. As a parent or grownup that recognizes the warning marks before they become terrible so you may be able to assist that adolescent prevent going down and seek aid before the depression boots in. If in fact the depression has already affected the kid so it is really improtant to seek medical aid every bit shortly as possible before it becomes excessively late. Depression is the world’s figure one psychological upset and self-destruction is the 3rd prima cause of decease amongst adolescents. It has been known for down adolescents to turn to suicide if they dont recieve the proper medical attending that is needed to handle depression. Some parents are even traveling to reding with their kids to make an unfastened forum where a adolescent feels like they can open up and portion their feelings. Teenage depression is a serious issue. but it can be helped when you know the symptoms. Depression is a existent and serious status that can derail lives and set a kid at hazard. No 1 needs to be left entirely to conflict depression. Acknowledge the marks and symptoms and you may do a difference in somone’s life.

Gay Rights Speech Essay Research Paper Speech free essay sample

Gay Rights Speech Essay, Research Paper Address in the Gay Rights Convention Prejudice against homophiles is like warfare, in which there is no shelter and everyone is involved. The job with bias and hatred offenses is that many people are incognizant of what they are. Many people today are disgusted with the construct of bondage and racism towards inkinesss. But one impression that people fail to grok is that they are emulating the Puritan? s straightlaced beliefs and are prejudice against homosexuals and tribades. Many people are unmindful of the Torahs that prohibit homophiles the rights that characterize them as human existences. Most of you do non believe about your rights and they are often taken for granted. Besides, legion sums of people have preconceived impressions of how homophiles behave. ? Attitudes toward homosexualism were overpoweringly negative. Homosexual activities were hidden and spoken of merely in susurrations, and homosexual behaviour? was a condemnable discourtesy in most of the United States. We will write a custom essay sample on Gay Rights Speech Essay Research Paper Speech or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Homosexuals were capable to stereotypes and bias. Gay work forces were viewed as effeminate, tribades were portrayed as mannish, and both were seen as being obsessed with sex, with small self-control or morality. ? All I ask of you is to look around. Gays and tribades are portion of society. Peoples, such as your neighbours, hairstylist, relations, friends, and people you have known all your life could be cheery! Does that do them different? Many people say that homosexualism is non natural. But I ask you, what is natural? They are a constituent of society, and we must allow them equal rights. Homosexuals and tribades encounter spiritual unfavorable judgment and societal unfairness everyday of their lives. Homosexuals suffer unfavorable judgment from spiritual groups because some spiritual texts discriminate against diversified life manners, civilization, tegument colour, and beliefs. Many people support the thought of legal and societal acknowledgment of rights between people of the same gender. Some Christians claim that their resistance to homosexualism and homosexual matrimonies is non in the Bible. But do we non hold the freedom of faith in this state? Most of your ascendants ran off and traveled to this state to get away the wrath of some faiths. Why must we make this to other people? Most heterosexual Americans feel that their life style is being threatened by anything that is different. The book of Genesis does non even mention homosexualism in a negative intension. ? The Genesis history does non prohibit homosexualism ; it merely does non mention to it # 8230 ; A cheery twosome could barely get down the population procedure. But these poetries can non be seen as a theoretical account for all twosomes: many heterosexual twosomes are childless, or unable to hold sexual dealingss. Are they in wickedness because they do non conform to the Genesis history? ? 2 ( n pag ) . So when person asks you if you support cheery rights, are you traveling to state that you disagree because you are racist? Equally good as spiritual unfavorable judgment, homosexuals and tribades has to digest societal unfairness. Imagine falling in love with the individual of your dreams and you are be aftering to acquire married and pass the balance of your lives together. But what if this individual is a different race? Generations ago, this would hold neer been acknowledged, but in today? s society it does non look to be a job. Does the colour of a individual? s tegument alteration who they are on the interior? Most people do non know apart against minorities because of the colour of their tegument, so why do people know apart against homosexuals and tribades because of what is in their Black Marias? Would you allow the authorities to command you on whom to love ; how to populate ; and how to experience? Since homophiles can non acquire married, they work harder for relationships. They travel far and acquire marr ied, and divorce is really uncommon amongst twosomes. Harmonizing to the Americans Civil Liberties Union, many benefits that homophiles are denied include ; societal security, Medicare, infirmary trial rights, particular rates, freedom on revenue enhancement returns, joint kid detention, joint insurance policies, automatic heritage from a will, doing medical determinations on the spouses behalf, and taking a concluding resting topographic point for a asleep spouse. Most heterosexual Americans believe that their manner of life is being threatened by anything that is different. Society is terrified of the unknown, and it is this difference amongst people that spread rumours and misgiving. Distrust leads to detest offenses such as when? A 20-year-old Gay University of Arizona pupil was sitting at a caf? when a adult male came up behind him and punched and stabbed him with big knife. Witnesses heard the culprit stating that he had? killed a f—ing fagot, ? ? this is what gays deser ve, ? and? allow this be a warning to the homosexual community. ? † 3 ( n pag. ) Hopefully one twenty-four hours we will recognize the favoritism involved with denying rights to groups of people. Unless people open their heads and terminate spiritual and societal quandary towards homosexuals and tribades, the bias will non abstain. Unless we begin taking action and helping world to come to clasps with who they are, we can non discontinue the bias towards homophiles. Peoples grow up ashamed of their gender and seek to transformation into something they are non! If you want assist halt bias and hate offenses against homosexuals and tribades, write to your congresswoman and allow him cognize your sentiments. Be a bigger individual than most of society ; accept mankind the manner it is. Mankind has been given a gift, it allows us to see past different faiths, civilization, beliefs, and more of import, life styles. Be directly ; non contract. # 8220 ; Homosexuality, # 8221 ; Microsoft? Encarta? 98 Encyclopedia. ? 1993-1997 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Encarta goes into deepness to explicate the history and the functions that homosexualism has played in the yesteryear. Besides, it describes the attitudes directed towards homosexuals and tribades. Encarta besides illustrates the activism and currents issues in the universe today. 2 Dallas, Joe. ? Reacting to Pro-Gay Theology? Internet * hypertext transfer protocol: //www.leaderu.com/jhs/dallas.html* Mr. Dallas is a spiritual, cheery adult male who speaks around the state and enlightens people about the bible and homosexualism. He finds that the Bible does non proclaim any negative comments toward homosexualism. In contrast, spiritual citations are give that opposes Mr. Dallas statement. The citations are analyzed for the true significance of the text. Besides, this three-part series will turn to the pro-gay divinity by spliting its statements into three classs: societal justness statements, general spiritual statements, and biblical statements. 3? February 6, 2000, Tuscon, Arizona? . A Chronology of Hate Crimes? 2000. Human Rights Campaign. Internet. * hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hrc.org/issues/hate/chronologyHC_2000.asp* The human rights run ( HRC ) lists some of the hate offenses against homophiles, every bit good as other minorities. The HRC depicts the how the hatred offenses reported on the footing of sexual orientation are increasing. In 1998, there was an 14.3 per centum addition in reported hate offenses against homosexuals and tribades harmonizing to the Federal Bureau of Investigation # 8217 ; s ( FBI ) Uniform Crime Reporting Program, doing them the 3rd highest class reported to the FBI. This addition is peculiarly distressing since, overall, serious offense continues to diminish nationally. Since the FBI began roll uping statistics in 1991, hate offenses based on sexual orientation have about tripled

Financial Inclusion Essays

Financial Inclusion Essays Financial Inclusion Essay Financial Inclusion Essay CONCEPT OF FINANCIAL INCLUSION Financial inclusion denotes the provision of affordable financial services, (viz. , access to payments and remittance facilities, savings, loans and insurance services) by the formal financial system to those who tend to be excluded. The various formal financial services include credit, savings, insurance, pension and payments and remittance facilities. The most commonly understood objective of financial inclusion is to extend the scope of activities of the organized financial system of banking services mostly, to include within its ambit people with low incomes. In India the emphasis of the financial inclusion programmes at present is restricted to ensuring a bare minimum access to a savings bank account without frills, to all. Globally, financial exclusion has been observed in a much wider perspective. Merely having a current account/savings account on its own, is not regarded as an accurate indicator of financial inclusion. Narrowly, financial exclusion denotes a situation where people do not possess either a saving account or a loan account with a formal banking institution. Though this explanation is useful to recognize the unbanked individuals uickly, it does not seem to be appropriate to undertake an in depth study on the nature and drivers of financial exclusion. A more comprehensive definition of financial exclusion endeavours to relate it to the exclusion from the main stream financial system, comprising of banks and other financial institutions, insurance companies etc encompassing other ideas of financial illiteracy, financial discrimination and financial exploitation. Financial literacy tends to be associated more with numeracy skills and also the ability to understand more complicated products. : Financial awareness on the other hand would indicate a cursory nderstanding of what instruments are out there and which one can take advantage of. The low level of financial literacy is sometimes blamed on the failure of many government initiatives to increase financial inclusion. However, in many cases, the lack of information that the target beneficiaries display may be the result of lack of information or lack of financial awareness. While studies show mixed results in the long term impact of financial literacy training, lack of financial awareness should be much easier to correct. Specifically in the context of the financial inclusion drive, media reports have pointed owards the low levels of financial literacy as one of the reasons why the drive has failed. While ensuring that the entire unbanked population of India becomes financially literate seems like a formidable task, ensuring that the unbanked population hears about the drive, the benefits of a savings account and how to use one seems much more achievable. Absolute financial exclusion results in poverty and this consequently leads to social exclusion. The outcome of social exclusion is again financial exclusion and thus a vicious cycle is shaped. This also causes financial iscrimination and even worse, financial exploitation of the poorer sections of the society. At a micro level, the division between haves and have-nots keeps broadening, while at a macro level, this shakes national and economic growth. Markets exclude people on the grounds of lack of sufficient income which can be translated into purchasing power, lack of assets whether physical or financial, lack of capabilities acquired through education, training or experience which are translatable into labor, and those sections of people that have no market values such as tribal populations. In India, most authors have categorised these causes based on atterns in deifferent case studies as: 1. Most frequent including low income, nil or low savings, lack of assets, unemployment and use of inappropriate products. 2. Less frequent including psychological/disability issues, feeling of being excluded, indigenous/ethnic issues, geographical remoteness, lack of pc/internet access etc. 3. Personal factors such as cultural norms, gender, age and legal identity VARIOUS DIMENSIONS OF FINANCIAL EXCLUSION 1. Access Exclusion People may be monetarily excluded either by denying a savings account or a loan or credit account to them by the banks. Banks appear to be contented in offering saving ccount to people as it does not implicate any risk, except for verifying the identity of the customer. But, banks are very often unwilling in opening loan or credit account as they have to make some risk valuation in respect of the prospective borrower. Thus some individuals do not get access to credit account as they are expected to be assessed credit unworthy by the banks. . Condition Exclusion Sometimes certain conditions attached to financial products make improper to the disadvantaged people. The most common instance being prescribing margins and asking collateral securities, a problem that was addressed recently by the Ministry of Finance, Govt. of India by directing the banks to sanction education loans up to 4 lakhs without any collateral security. 3. Price Exclusion The prices (mainly interest rates) and service charges of selected financial products are not attractive to the prospective borrowers. If the banks are reluctant to offer these products at reasonable rates, people particularly living on low income may find themselves excluded from the conventional banking system. 4. Marketing Exclusion Since the advent of financial reforms in 1991, banks both Public Sector Banks and New Generation Private and Foreign Banks have been in a cut throat competition to ntice high worth customers. They seem to have been implementing marketing tactics for their products targeting at the high valued customers. This customer categorisation in practice excludes the poor and vulnerable from the banking system. The opening up of large number of NRI branches is enough to exemplify this issue. 5. Geographical Exclusion People living in far-flung and geographically terrain places are at the risk of being financially excluded. Bank closures in a specific geographical area may even lead to the financial desertification of that area. 6. Technological Exclusion In the recent technological era banks have undergone a transformation from the Brick mortar infrastructure staffed banks to internet and mobile banking. Such new generation banking techniques cannot be practiced by people having no basic understanding in computer related processes. Hence such people are likely to be excluded from the contemporary banking operations. Financial inclusion has many benefits. Following are some of the benefitssummed up. It paves the way for establishment of an account relationship which helps thepoor to avai a variety of savings products and loan products for housing ,consumption, etc. An inclusive financial system facilitates efficient allocation of productiveresources and thus can potentially reduce the cost of capital. This also enables the customer to remit funds at low cost. The government canutilize such bank accounts for social security services like health and calamityinsurance under various schemes for disadvantaged. From the banks point of view, having such social security cover makes the financing of such personsless risky. Reduced risk means more flow of funds at better rates. Access to approp riate financial services can significantly improve the day-to-day management of finances. For example, bills for daily utilities(municipality, water, electricity, telephone) can be more easily paid by usingcheques or through internet banking, rather than standing in the queue in theoffices of the service. Transfer of money can be done more safely and easily by using the cheque,demand draft or through internet banking. A bank account also provides a passport to a range of other financial productsand services such as short term credit facilities, overdraft facilities and creditcard. Further, a number of other financial products, such as insurance andpension products, necessarily require the ccess to a bank account Lastly, the Employment Guarantee Scheme of the Government which is beingrolled out in200 districts in the country would bring in large number of peoplethrough their savings accounts into the banking system. Cross country experience t has been estimated by Consultative Group to Assist the Poor (CGAP) that about2. 5 to 3billion people around the world are still excluded from basic financialservices. The situation is particularly dire in the Least Developed countries. In mostof the developing countries like India China the extent of exclusion is in the rangeof 25%-65%. So, taking into cognizance the importance of financial inclusion, theinternational community has taken a number of measures to mitigate the hiatusbetween the financially excluded non- excluded. The following analysis describesthe extent measures taken by different countries to mitigate financial exclusion. USA In USA of total households 22% of the low income households gowithout the banks there to provide banking services to all the needy. Some stateslike New York made it mandatory for the banks to provide accounts to all citizens. U. K. Nearly 12 percent of Englands households are unbanked. Free face to face moneyadvice to targeted groups in the areas of high exclusion is in vogue. The govt has setup a Financial Inclusion fund of 120 mn pounds to support initiatives to tacklefinancial exclusion.. An enhanced legislative environment for credit unions hasbeen established, accompanied by tighter regulations to ensure greater protectionforinvestors. A Post Office Card Account (POCA) has been created for those who areunable or unwilling to access a basic bank account. The concept of a SavingsGateway has been piloted. This offers those on low-income employments El fromthe state for very El they invest, up to a maximum of E25 per month. In additionthe Community Finance Learning Initiatives (CFLls) were also introduced with aview to promoting basic financial literacy among housing association tenants. Australia Only 3% of adults lacked bank account in Australia till 2002-03. This has been theresult of continuous Joint efforts by government the banks in educating the peopleabout the benefits of financial products. France In 1984 the bank of France through Banking Act made access to bank accounts alegal right in France. In 1992 the banking industry in France signed a charter oprovide bank account to all. Bangladesh. Grameen bank of Bangladesh under the stalwartship of Md. Yunus hasrevolutionized the movement of financial inclusion. It targeted low income peopleespecially the women (97% of total borrowers) who were denied credit by othercom. Banks. It has successfully posted a recovery rate of 98. 85%. It has also recentlyincluded the beggars within its credit network under a special program i. e. Struggling Members programmed. Approximately 81000 beggars have already beenbenefited by the programme. South Africa. More than half of the population here are below poverty line. Only 4% of otalpopulace has bank accounts 1% only avail credit from formal sources. To dealwith the situation Dakar Conference ha been organized under the banner of U. N. ln2004, UNDP UNCDF Jointly lunched a program called Building Financialsecurity in Africa. MF, U. N. World Bank have extended very good support for building an inclusivesociety in the world. U. N. has framed Blue Book in consultation with thedeveloped underdeveloped countries as a tool guide for policy makers whoseek to build inclusive financial growt Calculation of financial inclusion index Several factors have been used to determine the extent of financial inclusion in ifferent calcul ations across the globe. The most commonly accepted indicator has been the number of bank accounts (per 1000 adult persons) yet this has been regarded as not being the sole indicator in India . Some other indicators are the number of bank branches (per million people), total number of ATMs (per million people), amount of bank credit and amount of bank deposit. Banking sector outreach penetration, loan and deposit accounts per capita, loan-income and deposit-income ratios and so on. All these indicators offer significant and valuable evidence on outreach of the financial system of an economy. However, when used individually, each of these factors provide only fractional information on the inclusiveness of the financial system. A new index on financial inclusion released by ratings firm CRISIL reveals that the number of loan accounts per lakh of population in the southern States stands at 17,142. However, this healthy fgure can be easily offset by the under-penetration of formal banking facilities in most parts of the country Just one in two Indians has a savings account, and only one in seven Indians have access to banking credit! CRISIL used bank branch, credit and deposit penetration (per lakh opulation) to assign scores to each district and then arrived at a score for every State and Union Territory. RBI policy initiatives to foster financial inclusion The Indian economy switched gears in the early part of thiscentury and has been growing at a healthy pace since then. Asbehemoth in the next few years, the average level of prosperityattained by its populace and the degree of equitable distribution of wealth will, in no small measure, be determined by the scaleof inclusive growth that would have been achieved. Financial inclusion is certainly not Just a recent phenomenon. n India, the earliest effort at financial inclusion can be traced back to 1904, when the co-operative movement began in thecountry. A focal event in its evolution was the banknationalisation programme in 1969, when 14 major commercialbanks were nationalised, and the lead bank scheme was, subsequently, introduced. As a consequence, branches wereopened in large numbers across the nation, even in areas thatwere until then unreached by banks. The agenda for financial inclusion was galvanised in the early2000s in India following the publication of a spate of findings about financial exclusion and its direct correlation to overty. Varied studies have proved that xclusion from the bankingsystem results in a loss of 1 per cent to the countrys grossdomestic product (GDP). Policymakers in India are acutely aware that, in a phase of highgrowth, the ramifications of leaving a huge section of the peopleout of the development process could be disastrous and arehence designing appropriate policies for financial inclusion. Complementing the governments efforts, the Reserve Bank oflndia (RBI) has, over the years, undertaken numerous initiativessuch as introduction of priority sector lending requirements for anks, establishment of regional rural banks (RRBs), and selfhelpgroup-bank linkage programmes to augment theavailability of financial services to the poor and marginalisedsegments of society. In the last few years, RBI also initiated the requirement thatbanks provide no-frills accounts, improve the outreach ofbanking services through the business facilitator and business correspondent models, and set up the goal for banks to provideaccess to formal banking to all 74,414 villages with a populationover 2000. This target of covering villages with a population ofover 2000 was largely achieved as of end March 2012 (99. 7 percent). The goal towards financial inclusion has accordingly beenrefined in June 2012; in the next Financial unbanked villages with population of less than 2000 withbanking services. n February 2011, the Government of India and the Indian Banks Association (IBA) Jointly launched Swabhimaan, anationwide programme on financial inclusion, to bring thedeprived sections of society under the banking network, andensure that the benefits of economic growth percolate to alllevels. This programme targets facilitating opening of banks accounts, providing need-based cre dit, remittance facilities andpromoting financial literacy in rural India. Although the target groups may differ from country to country orregion to region, financial inclusion refers, in its broadest sense,to the delivery of financial services at affordable costs to allsections, including the disadvantaged and low-income groups RBI has come up a number of policy initiatives to expand financial inclusion in the country . It has focussed on four aspects of reach, access, transactions and products. It has been successful to some extent in achieveing the objective of inclusion but the result of these policy initiatives are yet to be checked on the touchstone of statistical reality. Reach a. Branch expansion in rural areas Branch authorisation has been relaxed to the extent that banks do not require prior permission to open branches in centres with population less than 1 lakh, which is subject to reporting. To further step up the opening of branches in rural areas, banks have been mandated to open at least 25 per cent of their new branches in unbanked rural cen tres. In the Annual Policy Statement for 2013-14, banks have been advised to consider frontloading (prioritizing) the opening of branches in unbanked rural centres over a three year cycle co-terminus with their FIPs. This is expected to facilitate the branch expansion in unbanked rural centres. b. Agent Banking Business Correspondent/ Business Facilitator Model In January 2006, the Reserve Bank permitted banks to utilise the services of intermediaries in providing banking services through the use of business facilitators and business correspondents. The BC model allows banks to do cash in cash out transactions at a location much closer to the rural population, thus addressing the last mile problem. c. Combination of Branch and BC Structure to deliver Financial Inclusion The idea is to ave a combination of physical branch network and BCs for extending financial inclusion, especially in geographically dispersed areas. To ensure increased banking penetration and control over operations of BCs, banks have been advised to establish low cost branches in the form of intermediate brick and mortar structures in rural centres between the present base branch and BC locations, so as to provide support to a cluster of BCs (about 8-10 BCs) at a reasonable distance of about 3-4 kilometers. II. Access a. Relaxed KYC norms Know Your Customer (KYC) requirements have been simplified to such an extent that mall accounts can be opened with self certification in the presence of bank officials. RBI has allowed Aadhaar to be used as one of the eligible documents for meeting the KYC requirement for opening a bank account. b. Roadmap for Banking Services in unbanked Villages In the first phase, banks were advised to draw up a roadmap for providing banking services in every village having a population of over 2,000 by March 2010. Banks have phase, Roadmap has been prepared for covering remaining unbanked villages i. e. with population less than 2000 in a time bound manner. About 490,000 unbanked illages with less than 2000 population across the country have been identified and allotted to various banks. The idea behind allocating villages to banks was to ensure availability of at least one banking outlet in each village. Ill. Products Bouquet of Financial services In order to ensure that all the financial needs of the customers are met, we have advised banks to offer a minimum of four basic products, viz. A savings cum overdraft account A pure savings account, ideally a recurring or variable recurring deposit A remittance product to facilitate EBT and other remittances, and Entrepreneurial redit products like a General Purpose Credit Card (GCC) or a Kisan Credit Card (KCC) V. Transactions Direct Benefit Transfer The recent introduction of direct benefit transfer, leveraging the Aadhaar platform, will help f acilitate delivery of social welfare benefits by direct credit to the bank accounts of beneficiaries. The government, in future, has plans to route all social security payments through the banking network, using the Aadhaar based platform as a unique identifier of beneficiaries. In order to ensure smooth roll out of the Governments Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) initiative, banks have been advised to: Open accounts of all eligible individuals in camp mode with the support of local Government authorities. Seed the existing and new accounts with Aadhaar numbers. Put in place an effective mechanism to monitor and review the progress in implementation of DBT. MEASURES TAKEN TO IMPROVE FINANCIAL INCLUSION Few of the factors listed above have already been addressed by the RBI and other banks. KYC Know Your Customer norms has been simplified. Credit cards are made available at an affordable price. The community-bank linkage programme has been initiated. The Indian financial system which is effectively controlled by the GOI and RBI has een reacting positively in order to solve the problems of FE. Detailed study has been conducted by various committees and they have suggested several STEPS to be taken by the RBI AND GO. These steps were RECOMMENDATIONS given by expert committees. Steps or recommendations were : BRANCH EXPANSION PROGRAMMES were given a thrust. Incentives were given to those who willingly managed RURAL BRANCES. SHG-Self Help Groups-Bank Linkage programme Support to MFI Micro Finance Institutions Establishing Kiosks in rural locations Kisan Credit Card GCC SBI has been very active in introducing tiny credit cards and other related benefits. Money Management: How to proactively manage money Debt Management: How to control debt and avoid over-indebtedness [1 5] Managing Savings: How to save regularly and in a safe location Financial Negotiations: How to strengthen clients bargaining position vis-? ¤-vis input suppliers, other household members, and financial institutions Use of Bank Services: How banks work and impose charges; How clients can maximize bank services, interact with banks, and effectively use ATMS COMMITTEES ON FINANCIAL INCLUSION 0 Dr. Nachiket Mor Committee To develop a comprehensive monitoring framework to track the progress of financial nclusion and deepening efforts on a nationwide basis 0 Sambamurthy Committee A technical committee on mobile banking to examine the options and alternatives including the feasibility of using encrypted SMS based funds transfer using an application that can run on any type of handset for expansion of mobile banking in the country. CONCLUSION 0 Drift from objective of social impact to profit maximisation 0 Rates of interest 0 No scientific evidence or statistics on strategies and products. 0 Minimal level of education required. 0 Cost of small value transactions. 0 Psychological facts still persist. The issue of financial exclusion is widespread in India. The existing financial inclusion strategies are not seemed to be effective in creating an inclusive financial system which is very important in attaining inclusive growth. Opening no frill accounts does not seem to be the only panacea for solving this problem. Measures will have to be taken by the government to economically activate the people so that the demand for financial product arises, leading to the effective financial inclusion of people. In countries with diverse social and economic profile like India, financial ducation is particularly relevant for people who have poor resources and who operate at the margin and are vulnerable to persistent downward financial pressures. With no established banking relationship, the un-banked poor are pushed towards expensive alternatives. The challenges of household cash management under difficult circumstances with few resources to fall back upon could be accentuated by the lack of skills or knowledge to make well informed financial decisions. Financial education can help them prepare ahead of time for life cycle needs and deal with unexpected emergencies without assuming unnecessary debt

Volunteering with Hancock Christian Clearing House (HCCH) Essay

Volunteering with Hancock Christian Clearing House (HCCH) - Essay Example HCCH is a cooperative effort involving 42 Churches in Hancock County with a mission to help those who, under ordinary circumstances, may not qualify for the assistance from regular charitable and other social organizations. HCCH is mostly run by the volunteers like me who interact with the clients in order to determine their needs and assist them in finding proper solution for their needs. HCCH also provides training to its volunteers who need it. The main sources of funding for HCCH come in the shape of donations and contributions made by the members of the Churches and other individuals. According to one estimate, approximately $13000 is disbursed monthly to those in need. These funds are disbursed in terms of fulfilling the needs of needy for their housing rentals, medical aid, food support, transportation as well as fulfilling other needs. HCCH is a small organization but its efforts and endeavors are much bigger in their scope and impact on those who are rejected or refused help . My volunteer work with HCCH was based on different assignments which were given to me, or which I believed I could do to the best of my abilities and with highest efficiency. I participated in preparing a dinner at HCCH as a part of its efforts to provide food to its clients. I almost participated in every activity. First of all, I started with arranging the tables for dinner so that food when ready can be readily served to the people coming for dinner. After that I helped prepared the cakes which were going to be served besides helping other volunteers to label the cakes made by me and others. After the dinner was finished, I helped other volunteers to clean the tables as well as throwing the garbage also. Further, I helped the senile people, who came to dinner, to carry their dinner dishes so that a positive and healthy attitude can be developed in them. I also helped other staff members by

Affordable Health Care Act without sovereignty to native Americans Essay

Affordable Health Care Act without sovereignty to native Americans - Essay Example But as the Act is remarked by experts to be rigid with concern to the citizens’ need, it is ought to face different consequences (ProCon.org, 2010). This paper reviews the difficulties faced by the act as well as the citizens of the U.S. with respect to the implementation of the act. Literature Review On October 29 2009, the Affordable Health Care Act was introduced in the United States House of Representatives. Through the implementation of this act, the government intended to serve the citizens of Native American nations with efficient healthcare services and that too in a minimum expense. But the implementation of health care act has provided for various contradictions to itself which has been stated by various authors (H. R. 3962, 2009). First (2005) states that inconsistency practices in US health care system are a result of insufficient consideration to the quality systems which also caused other disadvantages related to its sole purpose. One of the major reasons for the drawback is that the policies concerning healthcare system in US was tangled with issues faced in the early experiences. The practices in relation to health inconsistencies involve the social and the technical facts as significant aspects. It is very essential to identify the problems associated with the implementation of the Act by the authority responsible, so that the outcome delivers the sole purpose widely concerned on the health securities of the citizens without or with minimum social or economic consequences. So, the U.S. government’s effort should be on eliminating the drawbacks and it should also focus on improving the quality of care provided to the patients (First, 2005). Background of the Act It has been depicted in the article of Health Policy Brief (2011) that approximately 30 lawsuits have been filed by private citizens, law makers, organizations and the state governments challenging the features of the Affordable Care Act 2009 (Health Policy Brief, 2011). In the article, it has been mentioned that sec 1501 of the Affordable Care Act identifies the ‘individual responsibility requirement’, also known as Individual Mandate. By the year 2014, the provision specifies that US citizens and nationals need to maintain ‘minimum essential health insurance coverage’ or else are required to pay a penalty allotted. Coverage can be available through an employer or individuals or even through public programmes such as Medicaid and Medicare among others. This policy measure, as mentioned in the Act, can be of adverse affect as the penalty has been sanctioned. Citizens who are below the poverty line are forced to purchase the health care policy which might result into difficult prospective. Therefore, the healthcare act should not be entitled to penalise rather the act should be implemented with great care as it is a need rather than demand (Health Policy Brief, 2011). A dilemma has often aroused regarding Health Care Act. For instance the action of federal government to impose the Act was argued to be subjected to their limitations to participate in such social development issues. Danner (2011) opposes the provision mentioned in the Act, i.e. the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, which states the Individual Mandate. The policy of Individual Mandate states that each and every American must buy the Health Insurance or else will be penalised. According to Danner (2011), this is overextending usage of government power. Providing the health care by violating the freedom of the citizen is of no good and is also unconstitutional (Danner, 2011). Complaints by the associated states The Attorney Generals