The social and economic disparities between rural and...

The social and economic disparities between rural and urban communities in Australia are well recognized. Factors such as ageing populations, lack of employment opportunities and loss of services, are typical of rural Australia. Although it would appear that Australia is paying too little attention to all of these factors in the rural context, it is argued that, for many rural young people, their restricted access to tertiary education is a significant barrier to the development of a skilled knowledge-focused workforce in rural and remote regions of Australia. This essay delves into this area of research and seeks to answer the following question; how does geographical location affect successful educational outcomes for teen boys in†¦show more content†¦Defining successful educational outcomes- General education outcomes are the goals for learning and development upon which higher education programs are based. They can be defined as the knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values that tertiary students will need to be successful in work, interacting in the community and also for family life. They are what students should know, understand, and component to do in order to be an educated person and to meet the demands that the future will place on them, the demands of the complex, diverse, and globally interdependent world of the 21st century. Upon this definition this essay will define successful educational outcomes as â€Å"students who are able to display the knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values that are required at a school graduate level ready for tertiary acceptance level or equivalent†. This definition encompasses the necessary capabilities required at the completion of a student’s schooling career and who is prepared for tertiary education or is suitabl y prepared and educated for their chosen career. Educational Barriers Educational barriers more than often occur through circumstances that are beyond the control of the individual (Barry, 2001). The concept is useful in examining educational barriers in the Australian context. Suggestions are that education access in Australia (particularly rural access) affects certain socioeconomic groups who lackShow MoreRelatedGlobal Population Growth And Its Impact On The Way That Humans Use Land Essay1565 Words   |  7 Pagesused to maximize and facilitate accessibility. Cities are constructed deliberately as a means to facilitate access between firms and people, bringing both as close as possible. According to the United Nations, the world populations is expected to grow from 7.0 billion today to 9.3 billion in 2050, increasing by 2.3 billion (UNESA, 2012). The United Nations also estimate that, global urban populations will grow from 3.6 billion in 2011 to 6.3 billion in 2050, gaining 2.6 billion (UNESA, 2012). BasedRead MoreGlobal Community Assessment: Australia2232 Words   |  9 PagesGlobal Community Assessment: Australia The sound of the engine was deafening. Then again maybe my heartbeat was the sound pounding in my ears. Sudden panic mixed with excitement over takes me as I think, what have I gotten myself into now?! But, then I look over at my partner in this so crazy it-just-might-work adventure. I take a deep cleansing breath and look at the picture of my boys, which I have secured to my in-flight reading materials. They all said the flight is the worstRead MoreThe Sentencing Of Domestic And Non Domestic Violence Cases1653 Words   |  7 Pagesoffences. The research conducted consisted of independent variables, offender social characteristics, legal and case characteristics and dependent variables, to highlight the difference in sentencing. The study used case level data for a population of cases to assess the apparent sentencing differentially. (Bond Jefferies 2014, p ) Article 1 focused on two key questions; ‘does the decision to imprison differ between domestic and non-domestic violence cases when perpetrators are sentenced underRead MoreInequalities in Australian Schooling Essay1360 Words   |  6 PagesInequalities in Australian Schooling: Sociocultural Factors in terms of Cultural Capital, Habitus and Social Reproduction There is a common, underlying perception that students from particular cultural and linguistic backgrounds – what is generally referred to as ethnicity - have a predisposition towards educational success in Australian schools (Watkins, 2013). Students from Anglo backgrounds, for example, are often seen as having a cultural advantage whilst others, such as Middle Eastern studentsRead MoreStrategy Human Resource Management3452 Words   |  14 PagesStrategy Human Resource Management Introduction In Australia, public policy is continuing to focus on ensuring that all programs are protecting the rights of different individuals during the process. This is because the Racial Discrimination Act is imposing strict penalties upon any entity that is in violation of these provisions. As the law is going after outright discrimination (in areas such as: the workplace, housing and the distribution of public services) to hatred that is directed fromRead MoreThe Concept of Equity of Access in the Australian Healthcare System2439 Words   |  10 Pagesoutputs (productivity) and outcomes within the resource available (NHHRC. 2009. P.4). Responsibilities like funding, delivery regulation is shared by the national state government of Australia makes the Australian Health Care system universally accessible within the people (AIHW, 2000). Public hospitals community care funding is joined effort of common wealth (i.e. federal government), states territories where common wealth use its taxa tion revenue to fund most of hospital medical service healthRead MoreSocial Determinants Of A Community Health Assessment2044 Words   |  9 Pagesanalyse critically the specific health problems that are prevalent in a selected population group in Australia along with the social determinants that affect the health of that particular community. Purpose of a community health Assessment: According to Guzys Petrie (2014, p. 91), a community health needs assessment is defined as a tool that concentrates on the requirements of the client and the community. This approach does not focus on the provision of services. It throws light on doing what is necessaryRead MoreAustralians Belief in Equal Employment Opportunity2601 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿Access to Education and Training as a Means of Promoting Equality of Opportunity in todays Australia It is a social norm for Australians to believe in equality of opportunity. Moreover, numerous of them strongly believe that it is being recognized in practice that Australians life prospects are less reliant on their birth environment and less hindered by inflexible class makeup, or lack of social networks, than are the life prospects of numerous people in other comparable nations. Equal OpportunityRead MoreSocial Problems in Thailand2244 Words   |  9 PagesSocial Problems in Thailand World around us today are filled with problems, complications, and dilemmas. People faces problems in everyday life, but problems that people living in the same society face commonly are called social problems. Before discussing social problems in our society, we must first give criteria of how we define social problems. Firstly, the objective condition must be perceived to be a social problem publicly. That is, there must be some public outcry. People must become activelyRead MoreTree Plantation Programme2942 Words   |  12 Pagesusually not included largeorchards  (except for  banana plantations), but does include the planting of trees for  lumber. A plantation is always a  monoculture  over a large area and does not include extensive naturally occurring stands of plants that have  economic value. Because of its large size, a plantation takes advantage of  economies of scale.Protectionist  policies and natural  comparative advantage  have contributed to deter mining where plantations have been located. Among the earliest examples of plantations

Project Management Office - 1795 Words

The case Project Context: AtekPC founded in 1984, has grown to become a mid-sized U.S PC maker, with 2100 employees, $1.9m revenues in 2006. With the transition of PC industry from a growth market to that of a maturing market, AtekPC was experiencing tremendous cost pressure and changing management urgency. In order to positioning the organization for the future, John Strider, CIO for AtekPC, had strong convictions that the PMO-light model1was the way to go. PMO issues involved at AtekPC included defining the PMOs purpose, mission, structure and governance. The most challenging was how to successfully implement it in what appeared to be a resistant culture. John Strider believed that PMO had to become a part of AtekPC culture.†¦show more content†¦Incremental Approach can lower implementation risks, reduce costs and win a buy-in from resistance to changing and increasing management support. There was not a clear charter and authority for PMO at AtekPC. The implementation strategy was to work within the culture and to develop forces that would promote the PMO and overcome cultural resistance. The senior IT managers encouraged a slow, incremental strategy that would allow the PMO concept to prove itself with small victories won through mentoring one project at a time. Initiating Planning Executing Commitment (C): CEO appeared to be neutral on PMO C1= 3 Employees were reluctant changes C2=4 PMO Skills/Staffing Skill requirements include: PMO Managers, PM, project portfolio manger, PM process/Methodology trainer, administrative support, tools support. Mark Nelson was PMO director, he had two full- time skilful staffs. John Strider believed that the PMO-light model was suitable. Therefore, he had held back on hiring full time employees. Executing Effort (E): Employees requires more than 30% addition work. E=3 Metrics/Performance -Business value metrics: Measure and demonstrate value to business. -Functional performance metrics: Measure and demonstrate performance quality of PMO functions. -Service level metrics: Measure and demonstrate service and help improve and maintain customerShow MoreRelatedProject Management Office3966 Words   |  16 Pagesand mission of a PMO? The purpose of a Project Management Office is to define and maintain projects management standards that must be implemented and adhered to throughout the organisation. The project management office must standardise the way that projects are executed by ensuring that policies, processes and procedures are repeated in exactly the same way in all of the projects that are performed in the organization. The Projects Management Office is the source of documentation, guidance andRead MoreProject Management Office ( Pmo )1410 Words   |  6 Pages Project Management Office (PMO) According to Project Management Institute (PMI 2008), a PMO is an organizational body or entity assigned various responsibilities related to the centralized and coordinated management of those projects under its domain. The role of the project management office (PMO) has increased nowadays, as many organizations are implementing it. According to PMI (PMI 2011), organizations with a PMO report more projects coming in on time, on budget and meeting intended goals toRead MoreQuestions On Project Management Office Essay952 Words   |  4 Pagesabout? This 4-week focused course in Project Management Office designed for those seeking to gain practical, hands-on project management office skills. It will cover the basic principles of project management, including getting started; project planning and risk analysis; as well as provide practical training in the use of MS project, Excel beginner to intermediate level and MS PowerPoint. The course is unique because it focuses on learning project management office by â€Å"doing†, rather than by â€Å"reading†Read MoreProject Management Office For The Government1041 Words   |  5 Pagescivilization, projects have been understood as an endeavor to obtain a specific result. Wysocki (2011) defines a project as â€Å"A sequence of unique, complex, and connected activities that have one goal or purpose and that must be completed by a specific time, within budget, and according to specification†. Through the centuries, the projects have become more complex, with more var iables. The mid-twentieth century was marked as a significant transition regarding the way we build projects. The 60s broughtRead MoreThe Atekpc Project Management Office8319 Words   |  34 Pages9-308-049 OCTOBER 11, 2007 F. WARREN MCFARLAN MARK KEIL JOHN HUPP The AtekPC Project Management Office A rain had started in the early evening of March 3, 2007, and the streets of Metropolis were cold and grey where the AtekPC headquarters were located. As John Strider, CIO for AtekPC, packed up his briefcase at the end of the day, his thoughts returned to the new Project Management Office (PMO) that he had approved several months ago. During his tenure of over twenty years at AtekPC, Strider hadRead MoreThe Agile Project Management Office Essay2078 Words   |  9 PagesProject Management Office in an Agile environment 1.0 Introduction : Project Management Office (PMO) and Agile method are highly reputable terms in many organizations, especially in their IT projects. The PMO is a group of people or committee within an organization that is responsible to define and maintain standards and practices for traditional project management. The ultimate objective for the PMO is to gain the benefits that are derived from applying Project Management (PM) methods, practicesRead MoreHarvard Business School: the Atekpc Project Management Office1550 Words   |  7 PagesCases in Applied Project Management Individual  Assignment Identify the main purpose and mission of a PMO and what are the main challenges and obstacles in implementing a PMO? (HBS: The AtekPC Project Management Office) Submitted by: KMO Greene Introduction The AtekPC Company found in 1984 has grown in size and scope to become a mid-sized technology PC manufacturer. The company now boasts 2100 fulltime employees with an additional 200 part time workers and revenues of $1.9 billionRead MoreThe Project Management Office: An Overview1572 Words   |  6 PagesProject Management Office The Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK), published by the Project Management Institute, addresses the objective of a Project Management Office (PMO) as follows: PMO is an organizational body or entity assigned various responsibilities related to the centralized and coordinated management of those projects under its domain. The responsibilities of a PMO can range from providing project management support functions to actually being responsible for the directRead MoreThe Atekpc Project Management Office2166 Words   |  9 PagesThe AtekPC Project Management Office: Situation: John Strider the CEO of AtekPC is faced with pressure that is facing the PC industry as a result of the industry transition. Strider had in the past thought of a Project Management Office which if implemented would of great benefit to AtekPC in the long run. He however did not want to implement this idea in a rush because he had concerns of the effect it would have if they tried to push hard with the idea. There were questions on how PMO ProgramRead MoreProject Management and Program Office2564 Words   |  11 PagesConsequently, the company was able to follow a management approach characterized by functional groups (e.g., engineering, marketing, purchasing), performing traditional tasks. Although program coordination existed, there was very little centralized control over a total program. FedRad first departed from its traditional approach to organization when the company won the SPAWN contract. To win the competition, FedRad had descried a SPAWN Program Office in its management proposal. There were two reasons for

Roman Law (4556 words) Essay Example For Students

Roman Law (4556 words) Essay Roman LawThe Romans have had almost every type of government there is. Theyve had a kingdom, a republic, a dictatorship, and an empire. Their democracy would be the basis for most modern democracies. The people have always been involved with and loved their government, no matter what kind it was. They loved being involved in the government, and making decisions concerning everyone. In general, the Romans were very power-hungry. This might be explained by the myth that they aredescended from Romulus, whos father was Mars, the god of war. Their government loving tendencies have caused many, many civil wars. After any type of government, the change has been made with a civil war. There have also been many civil wars between rulers. But it all boils down to wanting to be involved in government. When the Greeks finally entered Troy after ten long years of siege, a man named Aeneas escaped the city with his father, Anchises, and his son, Ascanius. They went to Mt. Ida, where they were to meet Aeneas wife, Creusa, but she never showed up. Saddened, Aeneas acquired a boat and sailed around the Mediterranean. He bounced around from Asia Minor to Greece to Crete looking for a place to found a new Troy, but he couldnt find a satisfactory place. As told by Homer in the Aeneid, Aeneas was cared for by the gods. Venus, in particular, was very worried about him. She asked Jupiter, king of the gods abouthim, and he said this:Since you are so consumed with anxiety for Aeneas,I shall turn forward farThe hidden pages of fate and speak of the future. He shall conduct a great campaign for youAnd conquer all Italy and its haughty peoples. He shall impose laws on his own peopleAnd build walled cities for them; the third summerShall see him rule in Latium, the third winterOf warfare see the Rutulians subdued. But his son Ascanius It is he who shall consolidate your power-For thirty years with all their turning months;Then shall he move his capital from LaviniumTo Alba Longa, which he shall fortifyTo the uttermost; and there a line of kings Shall reign and reign till Ilia , a priestessOf royal blood, bear twins begotten by Mars;And one of these, Romulus, fostered by a she-wolf,And joyfully wearing her tawny hide, shall ruleAnd found a city for Mars, a new city,And call his people Romans, after his name. For them I see no measure nor date, I grant themDominion without end. Yes, even Juno Even she will mend her ways and vie with meIn cherishing the Romans, the master-race,The wearers of the Toga. So it is willed.(Nardo 13)Finally, he wound up at the mouth of the Tiber River in Italy. He went inland up the river, which was a miracle in itself, becausethe river is very swift. He found Latium, ruled by King Latinus, and married his daughter, Lavinia. With King Latinus permission, Aeneas and Lavinia founded a city called Lavinium, where they ruled side by side for many years. When Aeneas died, his son Ascanius took over. Ascanius founded a new city, which he called Alba Longa, and made it his capital. Now we advance four centuries. The king of Alba Longa is Numitor. He had a jealous brother named Amulius, who seized the throne and drove out Numitor. To prevent Numitors daughter, Rhea Silvia, from having children who could claim the throne, Amulius made her a celibate priestess. While she was a priestess, Mars, the god of war, came and visited her and she had twin boys named Remus and Romulus (Burrell 7). When Amulius found out about the twins, he was furious. He ordered Rhea imprisoned and the boys drowned on the Tiber. The slave who was ordered to drown them felt pity for them, and instead sent them down the river in a basket. When they landed, a she-wolf found them and nursed them because her cubs had just been killed and she was still fertile. Romulus and Remus were found by a shepherd named Faustulus, who took them home to his wife to raise them. As they grew up, being sons of Mars, they turned out to be very athletic and natural leaders, especially of the local boys. When the boys grew up, they heard the story of Numitor and Amulius. With their local friends, they attacked Alba Longa, killed Amulius, restored their grandfather to the throne, and freed their mother. After restoring Numitor to the throne, the boys decided to found a city on one of the seven hills near where their basket wasfound by the wolf. This was a natural spot for a city. Accounts Livy,Not without good reason did gods and men choose this spot as the site of a city, with its bracing hills, its river by means of which the produce of inland countries may be brought down and inland supplies obtained; a sea near enough for all useful purposes, but not so near as to be exposed to danger from foreign fleets; a district in the very center of Italy, in a word, a position singularly adapted by a nature for the growth of a city. (Nardo, 12)The two boys couldnt decide between themselves which hill to start on, so they decided that whoever saw a vulture first could pick. Remus saw the first vulture and five others, and Romulus saw twelve. Remus had rightfully won, but Romulus claimed he should pick since he saw more vultures. He borrowed a plow and team, and plowed a furrow around the P alatine hill. He told his brother that was where the city would be, and if Remus crossed the line, he would be killed. Contemptuous Remus immediately crossed the line, and Romulus killed him. Romulus later said he regretted killing his brother, but life goes on. Hebuilt his city on the Palatine Hill, and called it Rome. When Romulus founded Rome in 753 BC, he made himself the king. Being a brand new city, it had very few people. Romulus built up the population by allowing anybody who wanted to live there, including criminals who flocked to the city. This caused a shortage of women. To get some, the Romans hosted athletic games and invited their neighbors, the Sabines. While they were at the games, some of the Romans sneaked off and stole the Sabine women (Burrell 14-15). Realizing what had happened, the Sabines prepared their army. Expecting this, the Romans were ready and the two forces lined up preparing to fight. Surprisingly, some of the women ran into the no-mans-land in between the armies. This is what their leader said:We were just daughters a short while ago, now we are both wives and daughters. We did not choose our husbands they chose us. We want this fighting to stop. If it goes ahead, many will be slain. When our fathers are dead, we shall be orphans, but if our husbands die, we shall b e widows. We lose either way. (Burrell, 14-15)Surprisingly, the two armies listened and put down their weapons. Since anyone was allowed to reside, Rome had great diversity in its people. There were three main ethnic groups: the Romans, who were first generation, the Sabines, and the Latins, who Romulus is descended from. The Sabines lived in the mountains east of the Tiber and north of the Latins. Later on, another group of people called the Etruscans started moving in. They were unique in that their language had no relation to any other known language, the only one like that. Romulus established a government with a king, who was imperium, Over all persons and in all causes supreme (Adcock 6). Romulus chose one hundred fathers to form the Senate. These people and their descendants are known as Patricians, from the Latin word pater, meaning father. He divided the people into three tribes, mentioned above, and each tribe was divided into smaller curiae. The succession of kings wasnt hereditary. The previous king appointed someone, and that person had to show the good will of heaven. Once king he had to keep the pax deorum, Latin for peace of the gods. Romulus created an army that was to have three thousand infantry and three hundred horsemen, one-third from each tribe. This was a national guard, withpeople keeping their day jobs. When Romulus died in 717 BC, the two main tribes, the Romans and the Sabines, couldnt decide how to pick a king. Finally it was decided that the Romans would pick a Sabine king. They picked Numa Pompilius. This is what Plutarch had to say about him:He banished all luxury and softness from his own home, and in private he devoted himself not to amusement but to the worship of the immortal gods. (Nardo 19)One of Pompilius notable achievements was rearranging the calendar so it had twelve months instead of ten. The third king, Tullus Hostilius, was a war monger. He believed his subjects would grow soft if they werent engaged in a war. Conquering neighboring people, including Alba Longa, he extended Romes rule out to twelve miles. Supposedly the gods got angry with him and killed him with a lightning bolt (Burrell, 12). El Nino EssayAfter Caesars death, his adopted grandson, Octavian, formed the second triumvirate with Mark Antony and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. Antony ruled the east, Octavian the west and Italy, and Lepidus ruled Africa. The second triumvirate was constituted by an act of state to reconstitute the state. They were given five years, but this was later extended. The three crushed all of their opponents, including Brutus, Cassius, and Cicero. Battling against Sextus Pompeius, Octavian summoned Lepidus to Italy to help him. Upon arriving, Lepidus tried to seize Sicily, and was subsequently kicked out of the triumvirate. Mark Antony fell in love with Queen Cleopatra of Egypt, who was rumored to be a former lover of Caesar. Together they ruled the eastern Empire for many years. With the growing support of the Roman people, Octavian declared war on Antony, to secure power for himself. The two forces, Octavians navy commanded by Marcus Agrippa, and Antony and Cleopatras navy, met at the battle of Actium on September 2, 31 BC. Agrippa, a very capable general and a good friend of Octavian, commanded 260 light ships, while Antony commanded 220 heavy ships (Encarta Actium). The battle raged on for a very long time, and was beginning to look like a stalemate, when the Egyptian fleet withdrew. Agrippas fleet crushed the remnants of Antonys fleet, who survived and escaped back to Egypt with Cleopatra. Antony received a false rumor and killed himself by falling on his sword. Upon hearing of his suicide, Cleopatra killed herself with an asp, which was a symbol of the eye of Ra, the Egyptian sun god (Gibson). Aft er the war was over, Octavian closed the Roman temple to Janus, the Roman god of beginnings of wars. This showed that the world was at peace. In 28 BC, Octavian and Agrippa became consuls. After one year, they turned the state over to the free decision of the Senate and People of Rome (Adcock 74). The Senate and people of Rome gave Octavian ten years of complete control. Octavian named himself the princeps, which is Latin for emperor. He ran the Empire as a monarchy, although it was disguised as a Republic. They still had a senate, but senators only made it into office with Octavians approval. Those citizens who werent fooled kept quiet, because Octavian kept things peaceful and governed fairly. Octavian ended the Roman tradition of conquest, cutting the army from seventy five to twenty eight legions. In 23 BC, Octavian gave up the consulate, but the senate forced himto keep power over the provinces. In effect, he ran the Empire from the background, while others were elected consul. These consuls had power, but always did what Octavian said. On his death bed, Octavian was advised to forgive his enemies. He responded with, Yes father, but how can I? I have them all (Adcock 75). Octavian was almost eighty when he died in 14 AD. After Octavian came the Emperor Tiberius. His reign was non-eventful, and he retired after plots against him were turned up. After Tiberius came Gaius, who was better known as Caligula. During his reign, Caligula went crazy. According to Burrell, anyone disagreeing with him was thrown to the lions in the Arena. He also got the Senate to name his horse consul.(49) Everyone was thankful when he was assassinated in 41 AD. Caligula was succeeded by several emperors who did nothing governmentally, including Claudius and Nero. Around the second century AD, the Empire began to crumble. Wave after wave of barbarian invaders, especially the Huns, chipped away at the state. Eventually some of the provinces had to be abandoned. At the end of the third century, Emperor Diocletian decided the empire was two big, and split it in two. He ruled the east from Turkey, and commissioned Maximian to rule the west from Milan. He called this form of government the Dominate, from Latin dominus, meaning master. There were two Augusti, who ruled the east and west, and under them there were two Caesars, who were like vice-presidents. The two Caesars of the east and west were Constantine and Galerius, respectively. Diocletian turned his empire into something like afeudal system, where peasants were deprived of personal freedom and tied to the soil. He renamed citizens to subjects. In 305, Diocletian and Maximian stepped down as Augusti, resulting in civil wars between the old Caesars and new Augusti. Eventually, Constantine the Great came out on top in 312. Constantines troops made him emperor, and he ruled the entire Empire from Byzantium, which he renamed Constantinople. Constantine was the first Christian ruler of the Empire. Alaric of the Visgoths helped the emperor Theodosius crush a rebellion. Unfortunately, Theodosius died before he could reward Alaric. The new emperor, Honorius, cut Alaric off from Rome, which he resented deeply. Alaric took his army to Constantinople, but found it too well guarded. He then led his army to the city of Rome, where, in the fifth century, sacked it. The Empire continued to fall to barbarians. The east and west sides of the Empire were in a virtual state of war. In 429, Vandals conquered Africa. In 410, Britain fell. In 451, the Huns took most of Europe. When Atilla the Hun came to Rome, Pope Leo was able to convince him to spare the city. In 455, Vandals came and sacked Rome. In the year 476 AD, the last emperor died, marking the fall of the Roman Empire, one of the greatest ever. That last emperors name was, ironically, Romulus. The Roman Kingdom, Republic, Empire, Dictatorship, and others have affected all of us. The United States government in commonly known as a democracy, but its actually a Republic, almost identical to the Roman one. The Roman government was one of the most powerful ever, at one point ruling most of the civilized world. It is almost certainly the best known. Ask anyone about Romulus and Remus, Gaius Julius Caesar, Augustus, Caligula, Nero, Constantine; theyll know who youre talking about. The term Caesar was used to mean ruler for thousands of years after his death. Both the German word Kaiser as well as the Russian word Czar are from the name Caesar and mean ruler. Today some three-fourths of the countries are Republic, styled after the Romans. The Romans are probably the most influential people of all-time. BibliographyActium, Battle of. Computer Software. Encarta Encyclopedia, 1996 ed. Adcock, F. E. Roman Political Ideas and Practice. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1959. Asimov, Isaac. The Roman Republic. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1966. Burrell, Roy. The Romans. Oxford: Oxford University, 1991. Caesar. Computer Software. Encarta Encyclopedia, 1996 ed. Caesar, Gaius Julius. Computer Software. Encarta Encyclopedia, 1996 ed. Gibson, Elke. Personal Interview. 19 March 1997. Nardo, Don. The Roman Republic. San Diego: Lucent, 1994. The Reforms of Diocletian and Constantine. CIS: Research and Education (16 March 1997). Republic. Computer Software. Encarta Encyclopedia, 1996 ed. Rise of Rome (753-44 BC). Computer Software. Encarta Encyclopedia, 1996 ed. Rome, Ancient the Empire. CIS: http://isdup/menu/133.html; Research and Education, Academic American Encyclopedia; Groliers (16 March 1997) . Rome, History of. Computer Software. Encarta Encyclopedia, 1996 ed. Sabines. Computer Software. Encarta Encyclopedia, 1996 ed. BibliographyThe Romans have had almost every type of government there is. Theyve had a kingdom, a republic, a dictatorship, and an empire. Their democracy would be the basis for most modern democracies. The people have always been involved with and loved their government, no matter what kind it was. They loved being involved in the government, and making decisions concerning everyone. In general, the Romans were very power-hungry. This might be explained by the myth that they aredescended from Romulus, whos father was Mars, the god of war. Their government loving tendencies have caused many, many civil wars. After any type of government, the change has been made with a civil war. There have also been many civil wars between rulers. But it all boils down to wanting to be involved in government.

Psychology Articles Summaries

The major objective of this study was to evaluate sleep patterns of 400 Iranian men and women, aged 60 years or older, with a view to establish a relationship between their sleep quality and health status (Malakouti 1201). Previous studies had shown that sleep disturbances not only increase with age, but also elevate the use of health services and enhances physical and mental morbidity, functional dysfunction, and all causes of mortality.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Psychology Articles Summaries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To collect the needed primary data, three sets of questionnaires, namely the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and a General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), were administered to the participants sampled using a rigorous scientific procedure that made use of the National Organization for Retired Persons in Tehran to recruit the elderly participants ( Malakouti 1202-1203). The results reinforced the findings of other previous studies that many elderly people indeed suffer from poor sleep quality, consequently exposing them to a multiplicity of health-related risks and even illnesses. One in every ten participants reported experiencing sleepiness during the daytime due to poor sleep at night, while a sizeable number of participants reported experiencing difficulties falling asleep and maintaining sleep throughout the night. More women reported difficulties falling asleep due to being too hot at night, while more men suffered from leg twitching at night, considerably lowering the quality of sleep (Malakouti 1203-1206). These findings have important ramifications for the elderly as the quality of their sleep is positively correlated with quality of life and health outcomes (Malakouti 1206). Consequently, the authors suggest that promoting sleep hygiene education for the elderly should be recommended to enhance their quality of life and promote their health and wellbeing. Tani, Franca, Alice Bonechi, Carole Peterson Andrea Smorti. â€Å"Parental Influences on Memories of Parents and Friends.† The Journal of Genetic Psychology 171.4 (2010): 300-329. This particular study purposed to explore the premise that parents have an increasingly significant influence not only on their children’s memories of them as significant others but also on their children’s memories of the parents’ close friends.Advertising Looking for report on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Specifically, the researchers enrolled a sample of 198 Italian university students to critically â€Å"†¦evaluate the role that the quality of parent-child relationships has on two different types of memories, those of parents and those of friends (Tani et al. 301). In addition, the researchers purposed to evaluate the role of gender in moderating these relat ionships (Tani et al. 318). Three data collection instruments, namely the Network of Relationships Inventory (NRI), questionnaire on parent and friend memories, and Adolescents Report of Parental Monitoring (ARPM), were used to evaluate the depth of the parent-child relationships (Tani et al. 307-309). The results demonstrated that parent-friend memories, as reported by participants increased in both genders with age, and were predominantly frequent during adolescence. When the affective tone of the memories was evaluated, it was revealed that in both male and female participants, the percentage of negative memories increased from childhood to adolescence, while the proportion of positive memories lessened. Using the same trajectory, the percentage of positive friends’ memories was found to increase while those of negative memories decreased (Tani et al. 318). This study was, therefore instrumental in underlying the importance of encouraging children to socialize more with th eir friends for purposes of identity development and for the provision of other supportive functions that are automatically transferred from parents to friends as individuals grow from childhood into adulthood (Tani et al., 324-327). Garcia-Banda, Gloria, Mateu Servera, Karin Challew, Victoria Meisel, Juana Fornes, Esther Cardo†¦ Ronald M. Doctor. â€Å"Prosocial Personality Traits and Adaptation to Stress.† Social Behavior and Personality 39.10 (2011): 1337-1348. In this study, the authors attempted to examine cortisol responses to public speaking with a view to test the â€Å"†¦hypothesis that reactivity would be positively related to openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness, and negatively to extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism, respectively† (Garcia-Banda et al. 1338).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Psychology Articles Summaries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In part icular, the researchers were interested in comparing salivary cortisol secreted by a sample of participants during a stressful scenario (public speaking) to cortisol secreted by the same sample of participants in a non-stressful scenario to investigate its relationship to the variables mentioned above (Garcia-Banda et al. 1340). Towards the realization of this aim, a sample of 75 participants were recruited into the study and two data-gathering instruments – the NEO Five-Factor Inventory and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised – administered on them (Garcia-Banda et al. 1340-1341). The results reinforced findings of other previous studies that public speaking is associated with enhanced cortisol levels (Garcia-Banda et al. 1341). Perhaps the most important finding of this study is that conscientiousness as one of prosocial personality dimensions was linked to elevated cortisol in the stressed scenario, whereas smaller portions of cortisol responses were found in participants with psychoticism – a personality facet that correlates highly with psychopathy and impairment in stress reactivity (Garcia-Banda et al. 1345). These findings are not only instrumental in assisting us to understand why people with elevated cortisol levels cope better in stressful situations than people with normal or even blunted cortisol secretion, but also in understanding why people demonstrating conscientiousness always have a good self-control disposition and an affective prosocial attitude towards others. Consequently, the study assists us to understand why conscientious individuals enjoy life. Mu, Shou-Kuan. â€Å"The Relationship between Virtues and Personality Traits of Chinese College Students.† Social Behavior and Personality 39.10 (2011): 1379-1386. This particular study purposed â€Å"†¦to investigate the relationship between virtues and the personality traits of college students in mainland China† (Mu 1379). The concept of vir tue is important in contemporary personality theory since it represents the quality of character through which people consistently identify with and do the right thing. A sample of 426 students from two universities located in Eastern China was identified, and two data collection tools, namely the Chinese Virtue Adjectives Rating Scale (CVARS) and The Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (Chinese 16PF), administered for purposes of collecting data (Mu 1381). The hypothesis was that personal virtues will be positively correlated with personality characteristics.Advertising Looking for report on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In detailing the results, the investigator â€Å"†¦found that all factors of the CVARS correlated positively with emotional stability, dominance, liveliness, rule-consciousness, social boldness, abstractedness, and perfectionism of the 16PF, and correlated negatively with sensitivity, vigilance, apprehension, self-reliance, and tension† (Mu 1383). Other second-order factors of the 16PF needed for individuals to develop strong personality traits, such as extraversion, tough-mindedness, and autonomy, also correlated positively with all factors of the CVARS. The results have important ramifications for psychological thought, particularly in the broad area of personality development, as they support the view that the concept of virtue is closely related to personality and, consequently, it can be of great importance to behaviorists in character development (Mu 1384). The study brings us closer to the conclusion made previously by scholars of personality psychology that altho ugh personality and virtue are viewed as separate entities, they are indeed related conceptions. This view is slowly being entrenched in positive psychology. Torgersen, Svenn. â€Å"The Nature (and Nurture) of Personality Disorders.† Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 50.6 (2009): 624-632. Torgersen used a meta-analytic review of published articles to evaluate whether personality disorders are caused by genetic predispositions or environmental factors. The author’s analysis begins by reviewing a number of recently published studies, which suggests that individuals exhibiting personality problems also usually exhibit a life trend of personality challenges that are usually above the average in any given population (Torgersen 626). The author argues that familial transmission of personality disorders is more or less only genetic, stressing that â€Å"†¦the development of antisocial personality disorders is influenced by genes, the heritability being around 0.40, wit h no effect of shared family environment† (Torgersen 627). When it comes to environmental influence, the author observes that while it is indeed true that individuals exhibiting particular personality disorders report various environmental stimuli, such as cold and distant parents, neglect, environmental instability, no parental caring and little control, research is yet to provide conclusive findings on whether these environmental agents are the causes or the consequences of the perceived personality disorders (Torgersen 628). The author argues that if parents mistreat their children and, as a direct consequence, the children develop personality/behavioral problems, it does not essentially imply that the mistreatment is the root cause of the problems. On the contrary, â€Å"†¦the parents themselves [may] have some personality disorder traits, partly due to genes. These genetically influenced traits correlate with poor parenting, explaining the genetic influence on paren ting. The children inherit the genes and subsequently develop personality disorders† (Torgersen 628). To distinguish between genetic and environmental variables to personality problems, therefore, the author suggests that subsequent studies should assume a genetically informed longitudinal approach. Dwairy, Marwan. â€Å"Parental Inconsistency: A Third Cross-Cultural Research on Parenting and Psychological Adjustment of Children.† Journal of Child Family Studies 19.1 (2010): 23-29. Dwairy used a sample of 2,884 participants, comprising of Arab, Indian, French, Polish, and Argentinean adolescents, to evaluate if parental inconsistencies (temporal, situational, and father-mother inconsistency) could indeed influence the adolescents psychological disorders. Temporal inconsistency was described as â€Å"†¦the inconsistency in the parent’s reaction time to the same situation from time to time, situational inconsistency [as] the inconsistency in the parental rea ction from one situation to another, and father-mother inconsistency [as] the inconsistency between the two parents in their reaction to the same situation† (Dwairy 24). Consequently, the author â€Å"†¦hypothesized that parental inconsistencies are dependent on culture, the parents’ gender, and the adolescents’ gender, and are associated with psychological maladjustment of adolescents† (Dwairy 24). Further, it was hypothesized that the stated associations vary across cultures. The results revealed that while parental inconsistency is culturally dependent, it does not seem to be influenced by the adolescent’s gender. The most important finding of the study, however, was that parental inconsistency is evidently correlated to adolescents’ mental health and led to: ambivalent feelings (e.g., adolescents developing negative feelings when parents are controlling and criticize); unpredictable behavior, which not only hurt’s the childâ⠂¬â„¢s feelings but disturbs the child-parent relationship, and; feelings of injustice (Dwairy 24-27). The study also demonstrated that the parents’ temporal inconsistencies and father-mother discrepancy were closely associated with psychopathy across cultures, while father-mother situational discrepancies were not in any way associated with psychopathy (Dwairy 27). Works Cited Dwairy, Marwan. â€Å"Parental Inconsistency: A Third Cross-Cultural Research on Parenting and Psychological Adjustment of Children.† Journal of Child Family Studies 19.1 (2010): 23-29. Garcia-Banda, Gloria, Mateu Servera, Karin Challew, Victoria Meisel, Juana Fornes, Esther Cardo†¦Ronald M. Doctor. â€Å"Prosocial Personality Traits and Adaptation to Stress.† Social Behavior and Personality 39.10 (2011): 1337-1348. Malakouti, Seyed Kazem, Mahshid Foroughan, Marzieh Nojomi, Mir Farhad Ghalabandi Tahar Zandi. â€Å"Sleep Patterns, Sleep Disturbances and Sleepiness in Retired Irania n Elders.† International Journal of Geriatric Psychology 24.2 (2009): 1201-1208. Mu, Shou-Kuan. â€Å"The Relationship between Virtues and Personality Traits of Chinese College Students.† Social Behavior and Personality 39.10 (2011): 1379-1386. Tani, Franca, Alice Bonechi, Carole Peterson Andrea Smorti. â€Å"Parental Influences on Memories of Parents and Friends.† The Journal of Genetic Psychology 171.4 (2010): 300-329. Torgersen, Svenn. â€Å"The Nature (and Nurture) of Personality Disorders.† Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 50.6 (2009): 624-632. This report on Psychology Articles Summaries was written and submitted by user Margaret Lyons to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.